What educational philosophy is based on the idea that individuals construct their understanding through experience?

The correct choice illustrates a philosophy of education that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiences. Constructivism posits that learning is not a passive process where information is merely received; instead, it is an active process where learners build their own understanding by connecting new ideas to their prior knowledge and experiences. This philosophy values hands-on learning, critical thinking, and real-world problem-solving, encouraging learners to engage actively with content and reflect on their experiences to create meaningful understanding.

In contrast, the other educational philosophies focus on different aspects. Humanism, for instance, prioritizes personal growth and the development of one's potential, often centering around self-directed learning and emotional well-being but may not emphasize the construction of knowledge through experiential learning as directly as constructivism does. Behaviorism is focused on observable behaviors and the ways reinforcement and punishment shape learning, which diverges from the notion of individual knowledge construction. Essentialism advocates for a core curriculum and the transmission of established knowledge, rather than emphasizing the learner's role in constructing understanding through experience. Thus, constructivism stands out as the philosophy that aligns closely with the idea of knowledge being built through personal experiences.