What does Vygotsky call the difference between what a child can do alone and with help?

The term that Vygotsky uses to describe the difference between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with assistance is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). This concept emphasizes the crucial role of social interaction and guided learning in cognitive development. In the ZPD, children can accomplish tasks and solve problems with the support of a more knowledgeable other, such as a teacher, parent, or peer. This interaction helps to bridge the gap between a child's current abilities and their potential capabilities, thereby promoting learning and growth.

Understanding the ZPD is vital because it informs educators about how to tailor instruction to meet each child's needs. By recognizing what a child can achieve with support, educators can provide challenges that encourage students to develop their skills further, making learning more effective and meaningful. This approach underscores the importance of social context and collaboration in the learning process, which is central to Vygotsky's educational philosophy.